This served to disrupt a false binary that had evolved in the literature between the view of the tourist experience as spurious and superficial or. The organized tourist, who is dependent on the group and the guide and, like a sheep, feels well only among other tourists the ugly tourist, who behaves as if the whole world belongs only to him and does all the things he is forbidden to do at home the alternative tourist, who differs from other tourists, explores the last untouched corners of the earth, thus paving the way for mass tourism. Cohen 1979 also summarised five modes of touristic experience. In his 1972 journal article towards a sociology of international tourism, the sociologist erik cohen was the first to. Typology is the study of type so tourism typology is the study of the types of tourism. The different types of tourists and their motives when. Indeed, the tourist experience is presented as a form of activity which is converted to a typology, where the individual tourist is presented as electing to pursue in their free time a particular type of tourism lyons, 2003. Cohen 1972, a sociologist of tourism, classifies tourists into four types, based on the degree to which they seek familiarity and novelty. Current sociological theories and issues in tourism. The main contribution of this paper lies in the development of a ninefield experience typology matrix based on the increasing intensity of. Since the goods and services provided to tourists are really inputs to the process of producing the experience, demand for these.
Cohens model of typologies of tourists is an early conceptual framework aimed at the sociological analysis of the phenomenon of modern. Lepp and gibson 2008 found that the bsss accurately accounted for these different types of tourist modes presented by cohen. Tipology of recreationaltourism resources as an important element of the tourist offer. It was based on my phd thesis, written in 196769 and the term moral panics very much belongs to the distinctive voice of the late sixties. Do tourist typologies have any relevance in the understanding. The work of the three leading theorists on typologies cohen, plog and pearce place tourists into a category at a particular. These studies have shown that the bsss is an important tool capable of predicting tourist.
Gjorgievski, mijalce, saso kozuharov, and dejan nakovski. Folk devils and moral panics was published in 1972. In addition, cohen 1972 theoretically proposed a tourist typology based on. One stream of works centered on the importance of authenticity. I also like to thank lexi hill for helping me with the quantative data and for. The work of the three leading theorists on typologies cohen, plog and pearce place tourists into a. None of the general conceptualizations of the tourist has been widely adopted, however. Tourist typologies a theoretical intr oduction to tourism.
These three distinct conceptual frameworks expl aining the relationship between tourists and destinations have received the most attention from tourism researchers. Cohens tourist typology in the space of familiarity and novelty in travel is considered a fundamental work in touristhost social contact studies 11, 28. Theyre typically a group of tourists that follow around a guide for the afternoon. Fortyfive indepth interviews were conducted to generate insightful information. In erik cohens, the phenomenology of tourist experiences, he really tried to express the true nature of the tourist experience and the different methods of tourist travel. The degree of familiarity underlies cohens typology in which four tourist types are identified. Erik cohen, the phenomenology of tourist experiences. Meaning that more specifically within typology groups are further subtypologies. The recognition of impacts that tourism causes in destination areas is a crucial parameter. Cohen typology existential experimental experiential recreational diversionary tourists tourists tourists tourists tourists going vicarious oblivious to. Organized mass tourists prefer traveling to popular destinations and comfortable with arranging trip only through help of a travel agent. Authenticity has been a controversial issue in tourism literature wang, 1999. Cohens tourist typology and plogs tourist typology are some of the most commonly mentioned tourist profiles. In the sage international encyclopedia of travel and tourism, edited by linda l.
The organized tourist, who is dependent on the group and the guide and, like a sheep, feels well only among other tourists the ugly tourist, who behaves as if the whole world belongs only to him and does all the things he is forbidden to do at home. The recognition of impacts that tourism causes in destination areas is a crucial parameter in the decisionmaking process for tourism. Plog classifies tourists into three categories as described below. Apr 18, 2014 cohen 1979 the recreational tourist, for whom the emphasis is on physical recreation the diversionary tourist, who seeks ways of forgetting their everyday life at home the experiential tourist, who looks for authentic experiences the experimental tourist, whose the main desire is to be in contact with local people the. Aditya ranjan cohen 1972 the organized mass tourist who buys a package holiday to a popular destination and largely prefers to travel around with a large. Application of cultural tourist typology in a gaming destination macao. The purpose of this study is to discuss prevalent sociopsychological models which examine how tourists needs and motivations affect their destination choices by collectively considering plogs 1974 psychographic profiles, cohens 1979 tourist typology and peaces 1988 travel career ladder.
Perhaps the two best known and most widely used of the tourist typologies are those formulated by erik cohen 1972 and stanley plog 1973. Plogs tourist types plogs tourism typology plogs tourist types plogs tourist types allocentric enjoy traveling independently, cultural exploration, often in aboveaverage income groups, seek adventurous experiences on holiday. Cohens model of typologies of tourists researchgate. Up until that point tourists had been conceived as a largely homog.
The study empirically examined and further developed cohens work. Cohens classification of tourists 1 while destinations may be enjoyed as novel, most tourists prefer to explore them from a familiar base. May 14, 2018 the purpose of this study is to discuss prevalent sociopsychological models which examine how tourists needs and motivations affect their destination choices by collectively considering plogs 1974 psychographic profiles, cohens 1979 tourist typology and peaces 1988 travel career ladder. However, with respect to their sociodemographic profiles, all the tourist roles were fairly homogeneous, thus reiterating the need for a more discerning basis of segmentation. Plogs psychographic classification of tourists and travel motivation are given below.
His fourfold typologythe drifter, the explorer, the individual mass, and the organized massis based on the degree of institutionalization of the tourist. The relationship between types of tourist and destination. A tourist who seeks new experiences and adventure in a wide range of activities. Cohens tourist typology and plogs tourist typology are some. Pdf a typology of tourist emotional experiences toward. Cohen typology existential experimental experiential recreational diversionary tourists tourists tourists tourists tourists going vicarious oblivious to native authenticity authentic engagement learning sightseeing. Cohen was one of the first sociologists to propose a typology to conceptually clarify the term tourist. The current study argues that no single model can adequately explain tourists.
The objectives of the current study are to explore the dimensions of tourist host social contact and to contribute to the theory of tourist typology according to their dynamic nature in tourist host social interaction. By erik cohen x n recent years, there has been an enormous rise in both the num. According to the degree of familiarity and novelty in travel, tourists are categorized into four types. Cohen s tourist typology in the space of familiarity and novelty in travel is considered a fundamental work in tourist host social contact studies 11, 28. Cohens model of typologies of tourists is an early conceptual framework aimed at the sociological analysis of the phenomenon of modern tourism. Sage reference cohens model of typologies of tourists. There are two different streams of views on authenticity. Tourist attractions according to the butler 1980 are not infinite and timeless but should be viewed and treated as finite and possibly nonrenewable resources. They prefer to return to familiar travel destinations where they can relax and know what types of food and activity to expect. As a fundamental work of the touristhost social contact studies, cohen 1972 developed a fourfold tourist typology. I will propose here a typology of four tourist roles. As a fundamental work of the tourist host social contact studies, cohen 1972 developed a fourfold tourist typology. Such tourists prefer to drive to destinations, stay in typical accommodations, and eat at familytype restaurants.
Each tourist role possessed different trip characteristics and attached varying degrees of importance to vacation activities. The following are the most common types of tourists i noticed while continuing my research in mapping. Typologies and outcomesnased qa framework the 20112016 strategic plan is typology in higher education institutions is a sound program. A typology of tourist emotional experiences toward holiday destinations. Sage reference plogs model of typologies of tourists. The cultural tourism typology is similar in many ways to both plogs 1976 and cohens.
In his 1972 journal article towards a sociology of international tourism, the sociologist erik cohen was the first to suggest that there are different types of tourists. The two institutionalized forms of tourism identified by cohen in his tourist typologies encompass the organized mass tourists and the individual. International journal of tourism research a typology of. A phenomenology of tourist experiences erik cohen, 1979. The recognition of impacts that tourism causes in destination areas is a crucial parameter in. The organized mass tourist is the least adventurous and remains largely confined to his environmental bubble throughout his trip. Plogs psychographic classification of tourists and travel. Individual mass tourists prefer traveling to popular destinations but. Up until that point tourists had been conceived as a. Cohens tourist typology and plogs tourist typology are. A tourist falling in this category is usually nonadventuresome. It seems clear to me that tourist typologies and tourist motivations are clearly linked and further than merely linked tourist typologies can have significant relevance in understanding tourism motivation. The iditarod gave me the perfect platform to gain more knowledge about sports event tourism. Cohen 1979 the recreational tourist, for whom the emphasis is on physical recreation the diversionary tourist, who seeks ways of forgetting their everyday life at home the experiential tourist, who looks for authentic experiences the experimental tourist, whose the main desire is to be in contact with local people the.
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